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managment

Management in all business areas and organizational activities are the acts of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives efficiently and effectively. Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources.
Because organizations can be viewed as systems, management can also be defined as human action, including design, to facilitate the production of useful outcomes from a system. This view opens the opportunity to 'manage' oneself, a pre-requisite to attempting to manage others.
Management can also refer to the person or people who perform the act(s) of management.

Contents [hide] 1 History 1.1 Theoretical scope 1.2 Nature of managerial work 2 Historical development 2.1 Early writing 2.1.1 Sun Tzu's The Art of War 2.1.2 Niccolò Machiavelli's The Prince 2.1.3 Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations 2.2 19th century 2.3 20th century 2.4 21st century 3 Management topics 3.1 Basic functions of management 3.2 Formation of the business policy 3.2.1 How to implement policies and strategies 3.2.2 Where policies and strategies fit into the planning process 3.3 Multi-divisional management hierarchy 4 Areas and categories and implementations of management 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

[edit] History

The verb manage comes from the Italian maneggiare (to handle — especially tools), which in turn derives from the Latin manus (hand). The French word mesnagement (later ménagement) influenced the development in meaning of the English word management in the 17th and 18th centuries.^[1]
Some definitions of management are:

• Organization and coordination of the activities of an enterprise in accordance with certain policies and in achievement of clearly defined objectives. Management is often included as a factor of production along with machines, materials, and money. According to the management guru Peter Drucker (1909–2005), the basic task of a management is twofold: marketing and innovation.

• Directors and managers who have the power and responsibility to make decisions to manage an enterprise. As a discipline, management comprises the interlocking functions of formulating corporate policy and organizing, planning, controlling, and directing the firm's resources to achieve the policy's objectives. The size of management can range from one person in a small firm to hundreds or thousands of managers in multinational companies. In large firms the board of directors formulates the policy which is implemented by the chief executive officer.

[edit] Theoretical scope

At the beginning, one thinks of management functionally, as the action of measuring a quantity on a regular basis and of adjusting some initial plan; or as the actions taken to reach one's intended goal. This applies even in situations where planning does not take place. From this perspective, Frenchman Henri Fayol(1841 -1925)^[2] considers management to consist of six functions:forecasting, planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, controlling. He was one of the most influential contributors to modern concepts of management.
Another way of thinking, Mary Parker Follett (1868–1933), who wrote on the topic in the early twentieth century, defined management as "the art of getting things done through people". She described management as philosophy.^[3]
Some people, however, find this definition, while useful, far too narrow. The phrase "management is what managers do" occurs widely, suggesting the difficulty of defining management, the shifting nature of definitions, and the connection of managerial practices with the existence of a managerial cadre or class.
One habit of thought regards management as equivalent to "business administration" and thus excludes management in places outside commerce, as for example in charities and in the public sector. More realistically, however, every organization must manage its work, people, processes, technology, etc. in order to maximize its effectiveness. Nonetheless, many people refer to university departments which teach management as "business schools." Some institutions (such as the Harvard Business School) use that name while others (such as the Yale School of Management) employ the more inclusive term "management."
English speakers may also use the term "management" or "the management" as a collective word describing the managers of an organization, for example of a corporation. Historically this use of the term was often contrasted with the term "Labor" referring to those being managed.

[edit] Nature of managerial work

In for-profit work, management has as its primary function the satisfaction of a range of stakeholders. This typically involves making a profit (for the shareholders), creating valued products at a reasonable cost (for customers), and providing rewarding employment opportunities (for employees). In nonprofit management, add the importance of keeping the faith of donors. In most models of management/governance, shareholders vote for the board of directors, and the board then hires senior management. Some organizations have experimented with other methods (such as employee-voting models) of selecting or reviewing managers; but this occurs only very rarely.
In the public sector of countries constituted as representative democracies, voters elect politicians to public office. Such politicians hire many managers and administrators, and in some countries like the United States political appointees lose their jobs on the election of a new president/governor/mayor.

[edit] Historical development

Difficulties arise in tracing the history of management. Some see it (by definition) as a late modern (in the sense of late modernity) conceptualization. On those terms it cannot have a pre-modern history, only harbingers (such as stewards). Others, however, detect management-like-thought back to Sumerian traders and to the builders of the pyramids of ancient Egypt. Slave-owners through the centuries faced the problems of exploiting/motivating a dependent but sometimes unenthusiastic or recalcitrant workforce, but many pre-industrial enterprises, given their small scale, did not feel compelled to face the issues of management systematically. However, innovations such as the spread of Arabic numerals (5th to 15th centuries) and the codification of double-entry book-keeping (1494) provided tools for management assessment, planning and control.
Given the scale of most commercial operations and the lack of mechanized record-keeping and recording before the industrial revolution, it made sense for most owners of enterprises in those times to carry out management functions by and for themselves. But with growing size and complexity of organizations, the split between owners (individuals, industrial dynasties or groups of shareholders) and day-to-day managers (independent specialists in planning and control) gradually became more common.

[edit] Early writing

While management has been present for millennia, several writers have created a background of works that assisted in modern management theories.^[4]

[edit] Sun Tzu's The Art of War

Written by Chinese general Sun Tzu in the 6th century BC, The Art of War is a military strategy book that, for managerial purposes, recommends being aware of and acting on strengths and weaknesses of both a manager's organization and a foe's.^[4]

[edit] Niccolò Machiavelli's The Prince

Believing that people were motivated by self-interest, Niccolò Machiavelli wrote The Prince in 1513 as advice for the leadership of Florence, Italy.^[5] Machiavelli recommended that leaders use fear—but not hatred—to maintain control.

[edit] Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations

Written in 1776 by Adam Smith, a Scottish moral philosopher, The Wealth of Nations aims for efficient organization of work through Specialization of labor.^[5] Smith described how changes in processes could boost productivity in the manufacture of pins. While individuals could produce 200 pins per day, Smith analyzed the steps involved in manufacture and, with 10 specialists, enabled production of 48,000 pins per day.^[5]

[edit] 19th century

Classical economists such as Adam Smith (1723–1790) and John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) provided a theoretical background to resource-allocation, production, and pricing issues. About the same time, innovators like Eli Whitney (1765–1825), James Watt (1736–1819), and Matthew Boulton (1728–1809) developed elements of technical production such as standardization, quality-control procedures, cost-accounting, interchangeability of parts, and work-planning. Many of these aspects of management existed in the pre-1861 slave-based sector of the US economy. That environment saw 4 million people, as the contemporary usages had it, "managed" in profitable quasi-mass production.
By the late 19th century, marginal economists Alfred Marshall (1842–1924), Léon Walras (1834–1910), and others introduced a new layer of complexity to the theoretical underpinnings of management. Joseph Wharton offered the first tertiary-level course in management in 1881.

[edit] 20th century

By about 1900 one finds managers trying to place their theories on what they regarded as a thoroughly scientific basis (see scientism for perceived limitations of this belief). Examples include Henry R. Towne's Science of management in the 1890s, Frederick Winslow Taylor's The Principles of Scientific Management (1911), Frank and Lillian Gilbreth's Applied motion study (1917), and Henry L. Gantt's charts (1910s). J. Duncan wrote the first college management textbook in 1911. In 1912 Yoichi Ueno introduced Taylorism to Japan and became first management consultant of the "Japanese-management style". His son Ichiro Ueno pioneered Japanese quality assurance.
The first comprehensive theories of management appeared around 1920. The Harvard Business School invented the Master of Business Administration degree (MBA) in 1921. People like Henri Fayol (1841–1925) and Alexander Church described the various branches of management and their inter-relationships. In the early 20th century, people like Ordway Tead (1891–1973), Walter Scott and J. Mooney applied the principles of psychology to management, while other writers, such as Elton Mayo (1880–1949), Mary Parker Follett (1868–1933), Chester Barnard (1886–1961), Max Weber (1864–1920), Rensis Likert (1903–1981), and Chris Argyris (1923 - ) approached the phenomenon of management from a sociological perspective.
Peter Drucker (1909–2005) wrote one of the earliest books on applied management: Concept of the Corporation (published in 1946). It resulted from Alfred Sloan (chairman of General Motors until 1956) commissioning a study of the organisation. Drucker went on to write 39 books, many in the same vein.
H. Dodge, Ronald Fisher (1890–1962), and Thornton C. Fry introduced statistical techniques into management-studies. In the 1940s, Patrick Blackett combined these statistical theories with microeconomic theory and gave birth to the science of operations research. Operations research, sometimes known as "management science" (but distinct from Taylor's scientific management), attempts to take a scientific approach to solving management problems, particularly in the areas of logistics and operations.
Some of the more recent^[update] developments include the Theory of Constraints, management by objectives, reengineering, Six Sigma and various information-technology-driven theories such as agile software development, as well as group management theories such as Cog's Ladder.
As the general recognition of managers as a class solidified during the 20th century and gave perceived practitioners of the art/science of management a certain amount of prestige, so the way opened for popularised systems of management ideas to peddle their wares. In this context many management fads may have had more to do with pop psychology than with scientific theories of management.
Towards the end of the 20th century, business management came to consist of six separate branches, namely:

• Human resource management
• Operations management or production management
• Strategic management
• Marketing management
• Financial management
• Information technology management responsible for management information systems

[edit] 21st century

In the 21st century observers find it increasingly difficult to subdivide management into functional categories in this way. More and more processes simultaneously involve several categories. Instead, one tends to think in terms of the various processes, tasks, and objects subject to management.
Branches of management theory also exist relating to nonprofits and to government: such as public administration, public management, and educational management. Further, management programs related to civil-society organizations have also spawned programs in nonprofit management and social entrepreneurship.
Note that many of the assumptions made by management have come under attack from business ethics viewpoints, critical management studies, and anti-corporate activism.
As one consequence, workplace democracy has become both more common, and more advocated, in some places distributing all management functions among the workers, each of whom takes on a portion of the work. However, these models predate any current political issue, and may occur more naturally than does a command hierarchy. All management to some degree embraces democratic principles in that in the long term workers must give majority support to management; otherwise they leave to find other work, or go on strike. Despite the move toward workplace democracy, command-and-control organization structures remain commonplace and the de facto organization structure. Indeed, the entrenched nature of command-and-control can be seen in the way that recent layoffs have been conducted with management ranks affected far less than employees at the lower levels of organizations. In some cases, management has even rewarded itself with bonuses when lower level employees have been laid off.^[6]

[edit] Management topics

The photo shows a training meeting with factory workers in a stainless steel ecodesign company from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Endomarketing is a part of the managment and is very important to motivate the work force

[edit] Basic functions of management

Management operates through various functions, often classified as planning, organizing, leading/directing, and controlling/monitoring.

• Planning: Deciding what needs to happen in the future (today, next week, next month, next year, over the next 5 years, etc.) and generating plans for action.
• Organizing: (Implementation) making optimum use of the resources required to enable the successful carrying out of plans.
• Staffing: Job Analyzing, recruitment, and hiring individuals for appropriate jobs.
• Leading/Directing: Determining what needs to be done in a situation and getting people to do it.
• Controlling/Monitoring: Checking progress against plans.
• Motivation : Motivation is also a kind of basic function of management, because without motivation, employees cannot work effectively. If motivation doesn't takes place in an organization, then employees may not contribute to the other functions (which are usually set by top level management).

[edit] Formation of the business policy

• The mission of the business is the most obvious purpose—which may be, for example, to make soap.
• The vision of the business reflects its aspirations and specifies its intended direction or future destination.
• The objectives of the business refers to the ends or activity at which a certain task is aimed.
• The business's policy is a guide that stipulates rules, regulations and objectives, and may be used in the managers' decision-making. It must be flexible and easily interpreted and understood by all employees.
• The business's strategy refers to the coordinated plan of action that it is going to take, as well as the resources that it will use, to realize its vision and long-term objectives. It is a guideline to managers, stipulating how they ought to allocate and utilize the factors of production to the business's advantage. Initially, it could help the managers decide on what type of business they want to form.

[edit] How to implement policies and strategies

• All policies and strategies must be discussed with all managerial personnel and staff.
• Managers must understand where and how they can implement their policies and strategies.
• A plan of action must be devised for each department.
• Policies and strategies must be reviewed regularly.
• Contingency plans must be devised in case the environment changes.
• Assessments of progress ought to be carried out regularly by top-level managers.
• A good environment and team spirit is required within the business.
• The missions, objectives, strengths and weaknesses of each department must be analysed to determine their roles in achieving the business's mission.
• The forecasting method develops a reliable picture of the business's future environment.
• A planning unit must be created to ensure that all plans are consistent and that policies and strategies are aimed at achieving the same mission and objectives.

All policies must be discussed with all managerial personnel and staff that is required in the execution of any departmental policy.

• Organizational change is strategically achieved through the implementation of the eight-step plan of action established by John P. Kotter: Increase urgency, get the vision right, communicate the buy-in, empower action, create short-term wins, don't let up, and make change stick.

^[7]

[edit] Where policies and strategies fit into the planning process

• They give mid- and lower-level managers a good idea of the future plans for each department in an organization.
• A framework is created whereby plans and decisions are made.
• Mid- and lower-level management may add their own plans to the business's strategic ones.

[edit] Multi-divisional management hierarchy

The management of a large organization may have about five levels:

1. Senior management (or "top management" or "upper management")
2. Middle management
3. Low-level management, such as supervisors or team-leaders
4. Foreman
5. Rank and File

Top-level management

• Require an extensive knowledge of management roles and skills.
• They have to be very aware of external factors such as markets.
• Their decisions are generally of a long-term nature
• Their decisions are made using analytic, directive, conceptual and/or behavioral/participative processes
• They are responsible for strategic decisions.
• They have to chalk out the plan and see that plan may be effective in the future.
• They are executive in nature.

Middle management

• Mid-level managers have a specialized understanding of certain managerial tasks.
• They are responsible for carrying out the decisions made by top-level management.
• finance,marketing etc are comes under middle level management

Lower management

• This level of management ensures that the decisions and plans taken by the other two are carried out.
• Lower-level managers' decisions are generally short-term ones.

Foreman / lead hand

• They are people who have direct supervision over the working force in office factory, sales field or other workgroup or areas of activity.

Rank and File

• The responsibilities of the persons belonging to this group are even more restricted and more specific than those of the foreman.

[edit] Areas and categories and implementations of management

Accounting management Agile management Applied Engineering (field) Association management Capability Management Change management Conflict management Commercial operations management Communication management Constraint management Cost management Crisis management Critical management studies Customer relationship management Decision making styles Design management Disaster management Distributed management Earned value management Educational management Engineering Management Environmental management Facility management Financial management

Forecasting Human resources management Hospital management Hospitality management Hotel management Information technology management Innovation management Interim management Inventory management Knowledge management Land management Leadership Logistics management Lifecycle management Marine fuel management Marketing management Merchandising management Materials management Office management Operations management Organization development Perception management Practice management Program management Project management

Process management Performance management Product management Public administration Public management Quality management Records management Relationship management Resource management Restaurant management Risk management Skills management Social entrepreneurship Spend management Strategic management Stress management Supply chain management Systems management Talent management Time management Technology Management Work Management

[edit] See also

Main article: Outline of business management

Articles Adhocracy Administration Certified Business Manager Collaboration Collaborative method Corporate governance Decision Making Engineering management Evidence-based management Forecasting Futures studies Growth Knowledge visualization Leadership Management consulting Management control Management cybernetics Management development Management fad Managerial Psychology Management science Management styles

Management system Managerialism Micromanagement Macromanagement Middle management Music management Organizational Behavior Management Organizational studies Predictive analytics Project management Public administration Risk Risk management Team building Scientific management Senior management Social entrepreneurship Virtual management Peter Drucker's management by objectives Eliyahu M. Goldratt's Theory of Constraints Pointy Haired Boss — a negative stereotype of managers

Lists List of basic management topics List of management topics List of marketing topics List of human resource management topics List of economics topics List of finance topics List of accounting topics List of information technology management topics List of production topics List of business law topics List of business ethics, political economy, and philosophy of business topics List of business theorists List of economists Timeline of management techniques

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marketing

Marketing is the process by which companies create customer interest in goods or services. It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business development.^[1] It is an integrated process through which companies build strong customer relationships and create value for their customers and for themselves.^[1]
Marketing is used to identify the customer, to satisfy the customer, and to keep the customer. With the customer as the focus of its activities, it can be concluded that marketing management is one of the major components of business management. Marketing evolved to meet the stasis in developing new markets caused by mature markets and overcapacities in the last 2-3 centuries.^{[citation needed]} The adoption of marketing strategies requires businesses to shift their focus from production to the perceived needs and wants of their customers as the means of staying profitable.^{[citation needed]}
The term marketing concept holds that achieving organizational goals depends on knowing the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfactions.^[2] It proposes that in order to satisfy its organizational objectives, an organization should anticipate the needs and wants of consumers and satisfy these more effectively than competitors.^[2]

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marketin managment

Marketing Management is a business discipline which is focused on the practical application of marketing techniques and the management of a firm's marketing resources and activities. Rapidly emerging forces of globalization have compelled firms to market beyond the borders of their home country making International marketing highly significant and an integral part of a firm's marketing strategy.^[1] Marketing managers are often responsible for influencing the level, timing, and composition of customer demand accepted definition of the term. In part, this is because the role of a marketing manager can vary significantly based on a business' size, corporate culture, and industry context. For example, in a large consumer products company, the marketing manager may act as the overall general manager of his or her assigned product ^[2] To create an effective, cost-efficient Marketing management strategy, firms must possess a detailed, objective understanding of their own business and the market in which they operate.^[3] In analyzing these issues, the discipline of marketing management often overlaps with the related discipline of strategic planning.

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Israel Prepares to Attack Iran With WMD's, Could Trigger World War III

Politics / Middle East Sep 07, 2010 - 07:13 AM

By: Michel_Chossudovsky

The stockpiling and deployment of advanced weapons systems directed against Iran started in the immediate wake of the 2003 bombing and invasion of Iraq. From the outset, these war plans were led by the US, in liaison with NATO and Israel. Following the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Bush administration identified Iran and Syria as the next stage of “the road map to war”. US military sources intimated that an aerial attack on Iran could involve a large scale deployment comparable to the US "shock and awe" bombing raids on Iraq in March 2003:

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kashmir issue

BLOODBATH IN VALLEY: 17 killed, 100s injured; Toll 88

Protests over Quran desecration quelled with bullets

GK News Network

Srinagar, Sept 13: Kashmir witnessed one of its bloodiest days on Monday in past two decades of conflict as 17 persons were killed and over 200 others injured in police and CRPF action in north, south and central Kashmir. Kashmiris protesting against the alleged desecration of Quran in United States More

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Emergency like situation on Srinagar’s ‘VIP Airport road’

DAY OF MAYHEM

M Hyderi

Srinagar, Sept 13: Cries on one end of the wide road, heavily armed troops firing gun shots on the other, and some vehicles burning in between. This was scene on the Airport Road stretch near Humhama, the locality which witnessed a bloodbath Monday morning.By afternoon, at-least three of the More

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DGP blames Hurriyat (G) for Monday’s violence

DGP blames Hurriyat (G) for Monday’s violence

Srinagar, Sept 13: The Director General of Police (DGP) Kuldeep Khoda on Monday accused Hurriyat Conference (G) of inciting violence in the Valley.   “Hurriyat(G) chairman Syed Ali Geelani’s close aide, Imtiyaz Haider had made plans to provoke people to assemble at various places across More

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Curfew imposed in Poonch after violent protests

31 wounded, 3 vehicles torched

Demos in Jammu, Doda, Ramban

SYED AMJAD SHAHJammu, Sept 13: At least 31 persons, including 25 policemen, were injured, while three vehicles and a depot of forest department were set ablaze following a violent clash which broke out in border township of Poonch in protest against the alleged desecration of More

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CCS puts AFSPA decision on hold; Calls all-party meet on Wednesday

PM reiterates talks offer

New Delhi, Sept 13: As Kashmir witnessed a sudden flare-up in violence, the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) today put off any decision on contentious issues like Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) and called an all-party meeting on Wednesday to discuss the volatile situation. The CCS More

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Omar disappointed

‘Kashmir can witness major political developments’

GK Monitoring Desk

Srinagar, Sept 13: The outcome of the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) meeting,  which remained inconclusive over Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) on Monday, has disappointed the ruling National Conference and the Chief Minister, Omar Abdullah,  a national news channel reported.
More

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Geelani releases fresh protest calendar

GK News Network

Srinagar, Sept 13: The Chairman of Hurriyat Conference (G) Syed Ali Shah Geelani, spearheading the ongoing Quit Jammu Kashmir Movement, on Tuesday released a fresh 10-day protest calendar.According to the calendar there will be complete shutdown on September 16, Thursday and peaceful protests after More

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Press TV banned in JK

GK News Network

Srinagar, Sept 13: State government on Monday banned the Iran based  TV cannel Press TV which had aired a clip about alleged desecration of holy Quran in United States yesterday.   Addressing  a news conference here, the Chief Secretary, S S Kapur today said the Government of More

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FLOOD IN PAKISTAN 2010

Flooding and Impact


[edit] Floods



Satellite images of the upper Indus River valley comparing water-levels on 1 August 2009 (top) and 31 July 2010 (bottom)The floods were caused by monsoon rains, which were forecast to continue into early August and were described as the worst in this area in the last 80 years.[22] The Pakistan Meteorological Department said that over 200 mm (7.88 inches) of rain fell over a 24-hour period over a number of places of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab and more was expected.[23] A record breaking 274 mm (10.7 inches) rain fell in Peshawar during 24 hours,[24] previously 187 mm (7.36 inches) of rain was recorded in April 2009.[25] So far 500,000 or more people have been displaced from their homes.[22] On 30 July, Manuel Bessler, head of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, stated that 36 districts were involved, and 950,000 people were affected,[26] although within a day, reports increased that number to as high as a million,[27] and by mid-August to nearly 20 million affected.[28] The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provincial minister of information, Mian Iftikhar Hussain, said "the infrastructure of this province was already destroyed by terrorism. Whatever was left was finished off by these floods."[29] He also called the floods "the worst calamity in our history."[30] Four million Pakistanis were left with food shortages.[31]



Officials have warned that the death-toll could rise, as many towns and villages are not accessible, and communications have been disrupted. In some areas, the water level was 5.5 m (18 ft) high and residents were seen on roof-tops waiting for aid to arrive.[30] At least 1,588 people have been injured, 222,600 houses and 4,600 villages have been damaged or destroyed.[32] The Karakoram Highway, which connects Pakistan with China, was closed after a bridge was destroyed.[33] The ongoing devastating floods in Pakistan will have a severe impact on an already vulnerable population, says the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). In addition to all the other damages the floods have caused, floodwaters have destroyed much of the health care infrastructure in the worst-affected areas, leaving inhabitants especially vulnerable to water-borne disease.[34] In Sindh, the Indus River burst its banks near Sukkur on 8 August, submerging the village of Mor Khan Jatoi.[31] There is also an absence of law and order, mainly in Sindh. Looters have been taking advantage of the floods by ransacking abandoned homes using boats.[35]





Affected areas as of August 26, 2010In early August, the heaviest flooding moved southward along the Indus River from severely-affected northern regions toward western Punjab, where at least 1,400,000 acres (570,000 ha) of cropland was destroyed,[31] and the southern province of Sindh.[36] The crops affected were cotton, sugarcane, rice, pulses, tobacco and animal fodder. Floodwaters and rain destroyed 700,000 acres (3,000 km2) of cotton, 200,000 acres (800 km2) acres each of rice and cane, 500,000 tonnes of wheat and 300,000 acres (1,000 km2) of animal fodder.[37][38] According to the Pakistan Cotton Ginners Association, the floods destroyed 2 million bales of cotton, which led to an increase in futures of the commodity in international market.[39][40] 170,000 citizens (or 70% of the population) of the historic Sindh town of Thatta fled advancing flood waters on August the 27th.[41]



Pakistani authorities have predicted that fresh rainfall is expected to trigger two further waves of flooding, inundating more land and swallowing yet more villages. One of these new flood surges was currently sweeping down from mountainous areas in the north as of August 11, and was expected to hit highly populated areas in the coming days, while the second wave was being formed in the mountains.[42]



As of August 29, 2010, in camps in Pakistan's Punjab province, people were still waiting for aid distribution. Since late July, the Pakistan flood has resulted in at least 16 deaths, and about 2,000 people have been directly affected. Chinese international rescuers arrived in Pakistan on August 27 to provide humanitarian aid.



[edit] Heavy rainfalls recorded during the wet spell of July 2010

Heavy rainfalls of more than 200 millimetres (7.9 in) recorded during the four day wet spell of July 27 to July 30, 2010 in the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Punjab based on data from the Pakistan Meteorological Department.[24]



City Rainfall (mm) Rainfall (in) Province Notes

Risalpur *415 16.3 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [24]

Islamabad 394 15.5 Islamabad Capital Territory [24]

Murree 373 14.6 Punjab [24]

Cherat *372 14.6 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [24]

Garhi Dopatta 346 13.6 Azad Kashmir [24]

Saidu Sharif *338 13.3 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [24]

Peshawar *333 13.1 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [24]

Kamra 308 12.1 Punjab [24]

Rawalakot 297 11.7 Azad Kashmir [24]

Muzaffarabad 292 11.5 Azad Kashmir [24]

Lahore 288 11.3 Punjab [24]

Mianwali *271 10.6 Punjab [24]

Lower Dir 263 10.3 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [24]

Kohat *262 10.3 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [24]

Balakot 256 10.0 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [24]

Sialkot 255 10.0 Punjab [24]

Pattan 242 9.5 Azad Kashmir [24]

DIR 231 9.10 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [24]

Gujranwala 222 8.7 Punjab [24]

Dera Ismail Khan 220 8.6 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [24]

Rawalpindi 219 8.6 Punjab [24]



* Indicates new record.



[edit] Aftermath

The power infrastructure of Pakistan also took a severe blow from the floods, which damaged 10,000 transmission lines and transformers, feeders and power houses in different flood-hit areas. Flood water inundated Jinnah Hydro power and 150 power houses in Gilgit. The damage caused a power shortfall of 3.135 gigawatts.[43]



Aid agencies have warned that outbreaks of diseases, such as: gastroenteritis, diarrhea, and skin diseases due to lack of clean drinking water and sanitation can pose a serious new risk to flood victims.[44][45] On 14 August, the first documented case of cholera emerged in the town of Mingora, striking fear into millions of stranded flood victims, who are already suffering from gastroenteritis and diarrhea.[46][47][48] It has been reported by the International Red Cross that a large number of unexploded ordinance, such as mines and artillery shells, have been flushed down stream by the floods from areas in Kashmir and Waziristan and scattered in low lying areas, posing a future risk to returning inhabitants.[49] The United Nations estimated that 800,000 people have been cut off by floods in Pakistan and are only reachable by air. It also stated that at least 40 more helicopters are needed to ferry lifesaving aid to increasingly desperate people. Many of those cut off are in the mountainous northwest, where roads and bridges have been swept away.[50]



By order of President Asif Ali Zardari, there were no official celebrations of Pakistan's 63rd Independence Day on 14 August, due to the calamity the country faces.[51]



[edit] Potential long term effects

[edit] Food

Floods have submerged 17 million acres of Pakistan's most fertile crop land, have killed 200,000 head of livestock and have washed away massive amounts of grain. A major concern is that farmers will be unable to meet the fall deadline for planting new seeds in 2010, which implies a massive loss of food production in 2011, and potential long term food shortages.[52] The agricultural damages are more than 2.9 billion dollars, according to recent estimates, and include over 700,000 acres of lost cotton crops, 200,000 acres of sugar cane and 200,000 acres of rice, in addition to the loss of over 500,000 tonnes of stocked wheat, 300,000 acres of animal fodder and the stored grain losses.[53][54]



Agricultural crops such as cotton, rice, and sugarcane and to some extent mangoes were badly affected in Punjab, according to a Harvest Tradings-Pakistan spokesman. He called for the international community to fully participate in the rehabilitation process, as well as for the revival of agricultural crops in order to get better GDP growth in the future.



In affected Multan Division in South Punjab, some people were seen to be engaging in profit-taking in this disaster, raising their prices up to Rs 130/kg. Some have called for Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited to write off all agricultural loans in the affected areas in Punjab, Sindh and Khyber Pukhtunkhwa especially for small farmers.[55]



[edit] Infrastructure

Floods have damaged an estimated 2,433 miles of highway and 3,508 miles of railway. Cost estimates for highway damages are approximately 158 million USD, and railway damages are 131 million USD. Any unique or particularly large infrastructure damages will increase these estimates.[1] Public building damages are estimated at 1 billion USD.[1]



[edit] Taliban insurgency

The flood will divert Pakistani military forces from fighting the Pakistani Taliban insurgents (TTP) in the Northwest because they will be needed to help in the relief effort.[56] It is feared that this will allow Taliban fighters to regroup.[57] On the other hand, some are suggesting that by helping flood victims, the US has an opportunity to improve its image.[58]



The Pakistani Taliban have also engaged in relief efforts and are making inroads where the government is absent or seen as corrupt.[59] As the flood may have dislodged many property markers, it is feared that governmental delay and corruption will give an advantage to the Taliban to settle these disputes swiftly.[59] A Taliban spokesperson asked the Pakistani government to reject Western help from "Christians and Jews" and claimed that the Taliban could raise $20 million to replace that aid.[59][60]



According to an US official the TTP had issued a threat saying that it will launch attacks against foreigners participating in flood relief operations.[61] In response, the United Nations said it was reviewing security arrangements for its workers. The World Health Organization stated that work in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province was already suffering because of the security concerns there.[62] However, an unverified Taliban spokesperson based in Orakzai told The Express Tribune: “We have not issued any such threat; and we don’t have any plans to attack relief workers."[63] Reportedly three American Christians were killed by the Taliban on August 25 in the Swat Valley.[64]



[edit] Relief efforts

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A bridge damaged by the floodingPakistan has appealed to international donors for help in responding to the disaster.[65] Twenty-one helicopters and 150 boats were pressed into service to assist the affected people according to the National Disaster Management Authority of Pakistan.[66] The US embassy in Pakistan provided seven helicopters to the authorities to assist in relief-operations.[67] The United Nations also launched relief efforts.[26] It appealed for $460 million to provide immediate help, including food, shelter and clean water. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon visited Pakistan on 15 August to oversee and discuss the relief efforts.[44][45] A Pakistani army spokesman said that troops had been deployed in all affected areas and had rescued thousands of people.[29] Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani visited the province and directed the Pakistan Navy to help evacuate the flood-victims.[68] By early August, more than 352,291 people have been rescued.[32]



According to the Reliefweb Financial Tracking service, total donations worldwide for humanitarian assistance so far come to $687 million, with a further $324 million promised in uncommitted pledges, as of August 27, 2010.[69]



By the end of August the Secretary-General Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) stated that Muslim countries, organizations and individuals had pledged close to $1 billion to assist in Pakistan’s flood emergency.[70] This statement is placed in doubt by findings from the U.N. Financial Tracking Service that indicate that only 3 of 56 OIC’s member states - Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Kuwait - had pledged more than single digit millions.[70] Pakistan’s Prime Minister Yusuf Raza Gilani stated that by the end of August Saudi Arabia's support exceeded that of the US, yet both UN data and data from Pakistan's Disaster Management Authority fail to support this claim.[70]



[edit] Response by national governments

Afghanistan finance minister Omar Zakhilwal handed a cheque worth $1 million to Pakistani ambassador Mohammad Sadiq at the end of a press conference in Afghan capital Kabul.[71]

Australia announced a A$35 million aid-package,[72] as well as committing two C17 Globemaster aircraft to deliver emergency supplies and to assist relief efforts [73] and deploying a medical task force consisting of up to 180 personnel and more than 33 tonnes of equipment.[74]

Austria donated 5.6 million euros to Pakistan.[75]

Azerbaijan gave US$2 million financial assistance to help the victims and eliminate the aftermath of the disaster.[76] The Azerbaijani embassy in Pakistan said the Azerbaijani president, Ilham Aliyev ordered to send two Il-76 planes with a humanitarian assistance on board to Pakistan. One of the planes delivered 40 tonnes of humanitarian cargo to Pakistan.[77] Also the staff of Azerbaijan embassy in Pakistan also transferred its two-days’ salary worth around $2,000 to relief fund.[78]

Bahrain donated $2.6 million to Pakistan.[79]

Bangladesh has pledged $2 million for relief and will also dispatch a medical team along with material assistance including tents, blankets, water purification tablets, mineral waters, life saving drugs and vaccines, oral saline, hygiene kit, biscuits and packed dry food.[80]

Belarus donated blankets, tents, canned meat, water, and medicines, all worth around $200,000.[81]

Belgium donated 150,000 Euro for the victims.[82]

Brazil donated US$ 0.7 million through World Food Programme or life-saving assistance to the affected.[83]

Canada announced that it would donate $2 million worth of emergency aid. $750,000 are expected to be donated to the ICRC for distribution of shelter-materials and water, sanitation and health-services, while the remainder goes to the WFP to provide much-needed food-assistance. On 14 August the Canadian government announced an additional $32 million Dollar in aid.[84][85] The Canadian government announced on August 22 that it will match, dollar-for-dollar, citizen donations made to registered charities between August 2 and September 12.[86]

China has so far provided 120 million yuan (17.5 million USD) worth of humanitarian supplies to Pakistan in three batches. "As Pakistan's neighbor and all-weather friend, China empathizes with Pakistan on the heavy casualties and property loss caused by the natural disasters," said Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Jiang Yu.[87] It initially announced that it would provide emergency aid worth 10 million yuan (approx. US$ 1.48 million) to help the flood-victims.[88] The People's Liberation Army donated another 10 million yuan to Pakistan.[89] The Chinese Red Cross has also given US $50,000 in cash to Pakistan.[89] The Chinese ambassador to Pakistan traveled to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and expressed his condolences to those affected by the tragedy.[90][91] On 13 August, China announced another emergency humanitarian aid worth 50 million yuan (US$7.35 million) bringing the total official Chinese relief aid then to more than 70 million yuan(approx. US$ 10.3 million) to the flood-affected Pakistani people.[92] A Chinese search and rescue team arrived in the southern Pakistani city of Thatta, Sindh Province, where heavy floods swept away hundreds of villages. The Chinese rescue team, consisting of more than 60 members, set up tents and field hospitals to provide medical services to flood victims. The Red Cross Society of China and some of China's local governments, including Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and Sichuan Province, had also offered cash and material assistance to Pakistan.

The Czech military have sent 24 flights with humanitarian aid.[93]

Denmark has donated 63 million DKK (11M USD) in relief efforts and another 130 million DKK (22M USD) in further development aid.[94][95]

Egypt donated medicine, medical supplies and foodstuffs.[96]

Estonia donated 64,000 euros.[97]

The European Union released €10 million to help Pakistan's flood victims on 11 August, as part of emergency aid to flood-stricken country.[98] By 18 August, the EU had committed to spending €70 million (90 million dollars) on aid for victims of the floods.[99]

Finland government donated €1.2 million for humanitarian assistance to the flood victims. €600,000 were channeled through the World Health Organization, €400,000 through the UNHCR and €200,000 through Finn Church Aid.[100][101]

France donated 1.05 million euros and 35 tonnes of emergency supplies, tarpaulins, tanks, blankets, jerry cans, kitchen sets, water purification tablets, 200 shelters and anti-cholera medicines.[102]

Germany initially committed €1 million for the victims, which was further increased to €2 million on 6 August.[103] On 12 August, Germany announced a $13 million aid package.[104] On 13 August Germany increased its aid commitment by €10 million to now €25 million in direct help plus €43 million via contributions through international organizations with which it is associated. In addition there have been private donations to charities in the scale of €24 million up to 18 August.

Greece donated €100,000.[105]

Hong Kong has donated HK$ 3 million to World Vision for a relief project for flood victims in Pakistan.[106]

Iceland contributed ISK 23 million (US $190,000) to emergency aid in areas impacted by the monsoon floods in Pakistan.[107]

Indonesia The Government of Indonesia dispatched a cargo flight carrying humanitarian assistance of US$1milliion for the flood victims. The relief assistance which arrived at the Chaklala Air base by a charted cargo flight consisted of 15 tons of emergency supplies included 4.5 tons of ready to eat meals’ packets, 3 tons of medicines, 5 tons of powdered milk for children, 4000 blankets and 4000 Sarongs.On behalf of the Government of the Republic of Indonesia the donation of the relief goods was handed over by the Ambassador of the Republic of Indonesia H.E. Mr. Ishak Latuconsina to the State Minister for Information and Broadcasting Mr. Sumsam Ali Shah Bukhari at the Chaklala Air base on August 7, 2010.

An initial €200,000 was donated by the government of Ireland.[108] An additional €550,000 was added on 9 August 2010.[108] Then the total was €960,000.[109] The Irish media were critical of the country's government for providing less than half the aid it donated to Haiti after the earthquake there.[110] €1.19 million was added on 19 August, bringing the total at that stage to €2 million, the total given to the Haiti disaster.[110][111] Minister for Overseas Development Peter Power, TD, said at the time that more aid would be forthcoming from Ireland and that the country had provided a "proportionally greater" amount than "most other European countries".[110][112] The Irish public had provided an additional sum of more than €2.5 million by 20 August.[113]

India offered US$25 million for provision of relief material for the victims of the massive floods. Further aid as required can be arranged, with a National Disaster Management Force in place, India finds it easier to respond for channelizing aid.[114][115] Also, there are nearly 400 Indian doctors, who are waiting for the Pakistan government's nod for visas to help flood victims.[116] India has supplied first consignment of 25 truck-loads of Indian potato to Pakistan.[117]

Iran had committed over 400 tonnes of relief goods; out of which 330 tonnes[118] had already been delivered by the Iranian transport aircrafts as of 24 August 2010. These goods included tents, floorings, clothes, canned food, bread and medical supplies. Iranian red crescent society has also been on the ground along with Pakistan Red Crescent Society as a part of its ongoing relief operation inside Pakistan to more than 100,000 flood vicitms. In addition to the Iranian government help Ayatollah Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani has announced that one third of collected Khums will be donated to Pakistan for humanitarian assistance.[119][120][121][122][123][124] Iran's chamber of commerce also donated US $1 million to the flood affectees.[125] Iran has also offered to setup field hospitals and community centers for flood victims in Pakistan.[126] In response to UN's appeal for help at New York, Iran committed US $10 million towards the flood relief. In addition to this fund, Imam Khomeini Relief Committee was directed to collect private donations from Iranians and donate it to Pakistani government. Iranian interior minister also visited Pakistan as the head of a humanitarian mission assessing the needs of Pakistani people in order to facilitate the distribution of Iranian aid to Pakistan. During the visit the Pakistani interior minister was invited to Tehran for discussing the flood situation among other matters, and the Pakistani minister visited Iran on 22 August 2010.[127][128][129][130][131][132] Iranian interior minister during a meeting with Pakistani interior minister informed the latter that Iran is the third largest donor nation in terms of delivered aid.[133] Iran has also assured Pakistan of its continued support and aid into future.[134] In order to better supply relief to flood victims, Iranian president Dr. Ahmadinejad would visit the flood hit areas of Pakistan.[118]

Israel has offered aid to Pakistan, but the officials said they have not received an answer from Pakistan on whether or not the aid should be forwarded.[135]

Italy provided € 1.33 million, including a humanitarian aid flight carrying emergency supplies such as medicines, generators, water purifiers and containers.[136]

Japan provided US$ 0.23 million for emergency relief goods, while additional assistance of up to US$3 million has been committed for the disaster aftermath.In a press release, Japan announced to extend the aid to 14.4 million USD (approx. 1.22 billion JPY) in total, in the form of the provision of emergency relief goods, as well as food, water, sanitation etc.[137] Japan is also expected to send a unit of six helicopters and some 300 SDF Troops [138]

Jordan A plane carrying food and medical supplies left for Pakistan on 15 August. It is carrying a 25-member medical team, including nine doctors, as well as 21,000 typhoid and cholera vaccines.[139]

Kosovo donated €150,000 to the Government of Pakistan's flood relief efforts.[140]

Kuwait donated US $5 million to victims of the severe floods in Pakistan, according to Kuwait Red Crescent Society (KRCS).[141]

Lebanon sent a plane to Pakistan with humanitarian aid.[142]

Lithuania donated LTL 50,000.[143]

Malaysia has donated $1 million to help people in flood-hit Pakistan.[144]

Maldives donated MVR 3 million to Pakistan.[145]

Morocco sent a plane carrying 12 tonnes of humanitarian aid.[146]

Nepal cabinet provided cash assistance of Rs 10 million for flood victims in Pakistan.[147]

Netherlands donated €3.6 million euros.[148] Netherlands The population of the Netherlands has collected more more than 17 million euros for relief aid in Pakistan.[149]

New Zealand donated NZ$4 million towards relief efforts in Pakistan.[150]

Nigeria also assisted Pakistan by donating US$ 1 million.[151]

Norway facilitated relief operation by providing NOK 30 million. NOK 9 million were given to UN Central Emergency Response Fund, and NOK 21 million were allocated to UNICEF, Pakistan Emergency Response Fund (ERF), and Pakistan Red Crescent Society[152]

The Oman Charitable Organisation (OCO) send 2,336MT of aid to Pakistan, comprising foodstuffs, water, Dates, tents, relief supplies and tools.[139]

Palestine donated 3000 tons humanitarian supplies to Pakistan.[153]

Qatar Red Crescent has appealed for QR 6.5 million and as part of its Ramadan campaign allocated QR1.5 million to its humanitarian mission.[139] QATAR Charity (QC) has started delivering food packs worth QR7 million ($2 million) in collaboration with the World Food Programme (WFP).[154] It also plans to airlift 80 tonnes of emergency relief items, totalling around QR 2.2 million ($600,000).[155]

Russia have sent two Russian Il-76 cargo planes with emergency relief.[156]

Samoa donated US$20,000.[157]

Saudi Arabia released a statement announcing the establishment of an air-bridge to ferry relief-supplies to Pakistan. In total Saudi Arabia has allocated US $112.3 million.[158] for the relief-operation. So far relief goods worth USD 40 million has been delivered and some USD 67 million worth of relief goods are in pipeline besides USD 5.3 million has been handed over to National Disaster Management Authority – NDMA Pakistan in cash. Two 100-bed mobile hospitals were also donated by the Saudi Government to the flood victims.[159]

Singapore donated 50 thousand US dollars, 800 water filters and 10,000 blankets.[160]

Slovakia donated power generators, water pumps and tents.[161]

Sri Lanka dispatched 18 metric tons of relief goods worth approx US$ 3 million to Pakistan on a Sri Lankan Air Force C-130.[162][163][164] The Health Ministry will also send will be in the 15 member special medical team to Pakistan.[165]

Spain have sent out two aircraft containing 15 tonnes of aid material for the victims.[166]

Sweden will send eight water cleaning aggregates which together have a capacity to support 18,000 people with clean drinking water.[167]

Switzerland donated CHF 3 million to Pakistan.[168]

Sudan donated 10 tonnes of food, medicine and shelter equipments as well as a medical team including all disciplines.[169]

Syria announced that it would send 35 tonnes of foodstuffs, medical supplies, medicines and many other necessary materials to help flood victims.[170]

Thailand donated $75,000.[171]

Tunisia sent a plane with 13 tons of food products, medicine, blankets and clothes.[172]

Turkey has donated US$ 5 million to Pakistan initially, in addition to 115 tonnes of humanitarian aid consisting of food packages, blankets, sleeping bags and beds delivered to Pakistan Red Crescent Society.[120][173] By 18 August, Turkey has donated more than US$11 million and issued a rallying cry and launched a large-scale relief effort for flood-ravaged Pakistan.[174][175]

Turkmenistan sent about 40 tons of cargo, including food and medicines.[176]

United Arab Emirates A fleet of Chinook helicopters was deployed to help in evacuation, according to the commander of the UAE Armed Forces Relief Team in Pakistan. The UAE Force in Afghanistan distributed 30MT of relief materials and food to flooded areas of the country. The UAE also pledged to donate $ 5 million for the flood relief operations in Pakistan.[177] A telethon campaign by the Red Crescent Authority (RCA) raised 79 million AED ($21 million) for the flood victims. The Red Crescent also dispatched 70 tons of essential relief supplies.[178][179]

The government of the United Kingdom has committed £64.3 million (US $100 million) to the relief and recovery effort, in addition to bringing forward a £10 million bridge project to replace some of those washed away. Interventions carried out or under way include the flying in of 400 metric tons of aid, and providing tents, shelter kits, blankets, water containers and nutritional interventions.[180] Former British Prime Minister Gordon Brown has also acknowledged the slow international response and urged British public to donate generously.[181] British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II has made a personal donation to the relief effort for flood victims in Pakistan, the Queen gave an undisclosed amount via the British Red Cross.[182] Additionally Nick Clegg, the Deputy Prime Minister, described the international response as "absolutely pitiful" on August 16.[183]

The United States has been at the forefront of the relief effort.[184] The United States stated that it would provide 56,000 ready meals on 1 August and 2, twelve temporary bridges and two water-filtration-plants to help the flood-victims as part of a US$10 million aid-pledge.[185] Commenting on the floods, the United States Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, stated, "The Pakistani people are friends and partners, and the United States is standing with them as the tragic human toll mounts from flooding in northwest Pakistan."[186] Hillary Clinton personally donated $10 for flood-relief in an effort to encourage people to donate, no matter how small the amount.[187] On 10 August, US announced another $20 million to provide relief for the affected,[188] taking the flood related aid from United States to US$ 55 million.[189] On 11 August, US increased its assistance for flood-ravaged Pakistan to $ 71 million.[190] Additionally, United States initially provided six US Army CH-47 Chinook helicopters from their duty in Afghanistan. On 12 August, it provided two more CH-53E Super Stallion helicopters to assist Pakistan Army in their relief efforts. The two helicopters are first of 19 helicopters that US Defense Secretary Robert Gates has urgently ordered for Pakistan in next few days.[191] Senator John Kerry also visited Pakistan in order to survey the damage from the disaster, and to raise US public awareness about Pakistani relief needs.[192] On 13 August, US increased its aid to US $84 million as USS Peleliu gets ready to dispatch more helicopters pledged earlier by US Defense Secretary.[193] In addition to this, the United States is providing $3 million to the World Health Organization to expand the capacity of Pakistan's Disease Early Warning System (DEWS) and to establish the first 15 treatment centers for water-borne illness. It is also working with the humanitarian community to spread awareness through radio stations regarding safety precautions against water-borne diseases.[194] On 14 August, further two CH-53E Super Stallion and a MH-53E Sea Dragon arrived in Pakistan to work with Pakistan military in flood-affected areas.[195] On Thursday, 20 August, the United States pledged an additional $60 million to the U.N. flood relief effort in Pakistan, bringing its total contribution to $150 million in a move designed to encourage other governments and private donors to boost their aid. On Friday, 27 August, the USS Kearsarge (LHD-3) and her Amphibious Ready Group will deploy to Pakistan to assist.[196]

Uzbekistan has sent 300,000 dollars worth of humanitarian aid to Pakistan.[197]

Vietnam donated 50,000 dollars.[198]

Yemen have donated relief materials including medicine and edible oil.[199]

World Bank provided US$ 1.3 million to Pakistani government for relief work.[200] The bank has additionally approved a loan of US$ 900 million for medium and long term reconstruction.[2]

International Monetary Fund (IMF) has also offered to discuss how to help Pakistan manage the economic impact of the floods.[201]

Asian Development Bank in response to the floods has offered a loan of 2 billion dollars for the reconstruction efforts.[202]

Islamic Development Bank in response to the floods has offered a loan of 11 million dollars for the reconstruction efforts.[203]

[edit] Response by non-governmental organizations

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The Disasters Emergency Committee, an umbrella group of 13 UK charities, reported that as of 27 August its flood relief appeal had raised £40 million (US $62 million), and that DEC member agencies and their partners had reached over 800,000 people.[204] For the first time in the DEC's 45 year history, they saw donations rise rather than fall in the second week of an appeal,[205] and they then saw them rise again in the 3rd week .[204]

[edit] DEC member charities

Oxfam is currently providing clean water and hot meals to over 180,000 people. In total, Oxfam aims to reach around 900,000 people with clean water, sanitation kits and hygiene supplies.[206]

Save the Children is using helicopters, donkeys and boats to deliver doctors and medical supplies to families cut off by the water. It has sent a medical team and medicines on donkeys in Allai, treated more than one thousand patients, and plans to distribute 800 shelter kits, including tarpaulins, jerry cans and plastic glasses, to flood-affected families.[207]

The Red Cross has dispatched food and shelter items for distribution by Pakistan Red Crescent volunteers to tens of thousands of people. Additionally, it has provided medicines and medical supplies to hospitals and health centers enabling Pakistan Red Crescent health-care units to treat thousands of people.,[208][209]

CARE International has provided water purification tablets, tents, family hygiene kits, kitchen sets, tarpaulins and mosquito nets to thousands of survivors. Mobile and basic healthcare units have provided health services to around 4,500 people.[210]

Islamic Relief is distributing 3,570 family hygiene kits in Nowshera and Mardan districts benefitting 24,990 people. Also it is distributing 2,850 household kits (containing mattresses, mosquito nets etc.) and 2,850 kitchen sets to benefit 19,950 people.[211] Pakistani cricket star Shahid Afridi is working with the NGO in raising the aid for the disaster.[212]

Concern has helped 18,000 people and 6,400 people in Charsadda district have received emergency packages.[213] Concern had raised more than €1 million in public donations from the Irish public by 13 August 2010.[214]

World Vision is currently providing clean water and food in Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa province and is treating people at five health clinics. The agency plans to reach 150,000 people during the first 90 days with relief items including water purification packets, hygiene kits, tents, cooking items and food. It also aims to provide cash-for-work activities to 1,000 people, open additional health posts, set up 20 child-friendly spaces and 20 women-friendly spaces to provide a safe and comfortable environment for children and women to interact with peers and receive support. World Vision plans to expand these efforts as floodwaters recede and more communities become accessible.[citation needed]

[edit] Other charities

Focus Humanitarian Assistance (FOCUS), has deployed Disaster Assessment Response Team (DART) members, Community Emergency Response Teams (CERT) as well as Search and Rescue teams to assist in coordination with AKDN helicopters with evacuations, transport relief supplies and medial teams. In collaboration with the Pakistani Army, FOCUS has transported 200 MT of relief goods, 126 MT of food across Gilgit-Baltistan, Sindh, and Chitral. With the support of the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), FOCUS is also supplying tents, tarpaulins, water, hygiene kits and blankets, as well as basic healthcare services, to Khyber-Pakhtunkhwah, Gilgit Balistan, Sindh and Punjab provinces.[215]

Humanity First, in collaboration with NCHD has dispatched over 500 tents as well as mattresses, blankets, floor mats, buckets and shoes. 600 water survival boxes have been provided in collaboration with the British Rotary charity WorldWaterWorks Limited. The local team is also preparing packs of non-perishable food to last a month for 1,000 families. The initial response package is for around 10,000 people, but response is expected to rise. Moreover, 3 medical camps have been set up which see 200 patients a day.[216]

MERCY Malaysia has setup two clinics in the districts of Nowshera and Charsadda, each with a local doctor and three medical staff. It also sent a team on 12 August to support the clinics. The NGO donated five units of ultra-filtration water systems worth US$15,000 and donated US$40,000 worth of tents, food and drinking water.[217][218]

ICNA Relief Canada is actively providing emergency relief across the country. ICNA Relief is running medical relief camps in 13 locations, distributing free medication and providing ambulance services. ICNA Relief is also providing food packages (Flour, Sugar, Cooking Oil, Rice, Lentils, Biscuits and other basics) and shelters to the flood victims. Tent distribution is being made to help those whose houses have been washed away by the floods. ICNA Relief Canada has appealed to its donors for $5 million raise."ICNA Relief Canada". http://www.icnareliefcanada.ca/.

Muslim Charity has launched £750,000 appeal to help the victims of flood in Pakistan. Muslim Charity targets to benefit 45,000 people through its activities. Muslim Charity is providing food to 25,000 people for the month of Ramadan, clean drinking water to 10,000 people, medical facilities to 10,000 people through its 5 medical camps and shelter to 5,000 people. In its second phase of relief work; Muslim Charity targets to reconstruct 200 house in Pakistan.

Trócaire had raised around €700,000 in donations from the Irish public by 13 August 2010.[214] The organisation later said there were difficulties accessing food.[219]

UNICEF has set up 24 medical camps in the affected areas, benefiting around one million people.[220]

Giving Children Hope donated medical supplies and other aid to several medical centers in Peshawar.[221]

Médecins Sans Frontières was in a position to respond immediately due to its long term presence in the country. MSF has deployed 100 international and 1200 Pakistani staff to provide medical care, particularly disease prevention, and resettlement services.[222]

[edit] Other organisations

UN-SPIDER Pakistan’s Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) received assistance through the SpaceAid Framework of the United Nations Platform for Space-based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response (UN-SPIDER) during the first phase of the disaster. Through SpaceAid, SUPARCO was able to access post and pre-disaster satellite data. This information was used by Pakistan’s National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and relief organizations to assist response efforts and assess damages. Humanitarian NGOs such as iMMAP and the Pakistan Youth Organization have been using this information for their operations as well.[223]

The United Methodist Church's representatives are on the ground with a project that within the week will purify more than 3.5 million liters of drinking water and benefit more than 73,000 people a day. The Methodist are also helping to bring food relief and emergency shelter to tens of thousands of Pakistanis affected by the flooding.[224]

The Pakistan Cricket Board and English Cricket Board Cricket Boards are working together to organize a fundraiser exhibition match for the benefit of flood victims.[225][226]

The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) had raised at least AUD$2.8 million for UNICEF's flood relief efforts through its nation-wide radio appeal from Friday 27 August until 3pm on Sunday 29 August 20100.[227]

[edit] Response by individuals

The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation donated $700,000 for flood relief, making them the single largest individual donation.[228]

Angelina Jolie donated $100,000 to the United Nations for flood relief operations in Pakistan.[229]

[edit] Response by Islamic militant organizations

Jama'at-ud-Da'wah (JuD), an organization which is a front for banned militant group Lashkar-e-Taiba, stated that it had 2000 workers providing flood-relief.[230] JuD was banned by the United Nations in 2008 after the 2008 Mumbai attacks but was openly distributing aid under the Falah-e-Insaniyat arm of the organization.[231]

Al Rasheed trust an organization under UN sanctions for its links to Al-qaeda was among the first to provide aid to the flood victims.[232]

Haqqania madrasa an Islamic school with ties to Haqqani network have converted one of their buildings into a shelter and were caring for 2500 victims.[233]

The Taliban offered to raise $20 million for flood relief if the Pakistani government rejected aid from 'Christians and Jews.'[59]

[edit] Response by corporations

Coca Cola : The Coca-Cola Corporation for Pakistan and Afghanistan announced donation of USD 1,000,000.[234]

Deloitte : Deloitte, a business advisory firm, donated £1 million (US $1.5 million) to the DEC appeal.[235]

Google Foundation : Google Foundation donated $250,000 for the flood relief efforts. A corporate broadcast was sent to all employees to raise awareness about the disaster.[236]

Cisco Systems : Cisco Systems will match employee donations for flood relief up to $500,000. A corporate broadcast was sent to all employees to raise awareness about the disaster.

BMO Financial Group : BMO Financial Group, Canada’s oldest bank, has donated $100,000 in support of Red Cross relief and recovery efforts. In addition, the company is accepting donations through its BMO Bank of Montreal branches in Canada and its Harris branches in the United States. The company is also waiving fees for fund transfers and drafts to Pakistan through 17 September 2010.[237]

Riverbed Technology : Riverbed Technology will match employee donations to Mercy Corps up to $10,000. A corporate broadcast was sent to all employees to raise awareness about the disaster.

Dell : Dell has announced a $150,000 donation to the flood victims and has declared to match any amount donated by Dell employees.[237]

Intel : Intel donated $100,000 to American Red Cross for flood relief. In addition, Intel will match employee donations up to $2k per employee. A corporate broadcast was sent to all employees to raise awareness about the disaster.[237]

Alcatel-Lucent : Alcatel Lucent launched a "Matching Gift Program" through the Alcatel Lucent Foundation. ALU will match one donation per employee, dollar-for-dollar, in response to this crisis. A Corporate broadcast was made on August 19. Apart from this, employees of Alcatel Lucent Local setup have donated their 1 day salary and have raised funds each day (Starting August) to provide Army Aviation with Ready Meals to be air dropped to the people who have been marooned by the floods.

JPMorgan : Donated $100,000.[237]

SAP : SAP has contributed significant amount to relief partners. SAP Solidarity Fund in Germany has already donated funds to help with immediate relief efforts. The SAP matching gift program will match employee donations up to 10k per employee. Information about SAP relief effort is posted on Corporate Portal to raise awareness about the disaster.

Bank of America Corporation : Donated $40 to Save the Children.[237]

Zebra Technology : Will donate an amount equal to 200% of employee donations to any charity of their choice. The donation by Zebra will be made to American Red Cross.

[edit] Criticism of response

The Pakistani government was blamed for sluggish and disorganized response to the floods.[238] The perceived disorganized and insufficient response led to instances of riots, with attacks and looting of aid convoys by hunger-stricken people.[239] The lack of a unified government response allowed Islamic groups such as Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jamaat-e-Islami to supply aid with minimal resistance.[240][241] President Asif Ali Zardari was also criticized for going ahead with visits to meet leaders in Britain and France at a time when his nation was facing catastrophe.[242][243] In Sindh, the ruling Pakistan People's Party ministers were accused of using their influence to direct flood waters off their crops while risking densely populated areas.[244]



International community, United Nations and White House are closely monitoring the deployment of the relief funds by the government of Pakistan. It is feared that the fund for relief will be diverted by the Pakistani government towards their military budget as done in the past.



The United Nations criticized the international community for responding slowly, despite the ferocity and magnitude of disaster. As of 9 August, only $45 million in aid had been committed, which is far less than usual for a natural disaster of this scale.[245] In an analysis of the response to the disaster, The Guardian said that there was a dire need of relief goods in the immediate aftermath of the floods. It quoted the UN's humanitarian affairs co-ordination office, saying that "[s]ix million [of the 14 million affected] are children and 3 million women of child-bearing age. This is a higher figure than in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami."[246]



India, a neighbor of Pakistan, was being criticized by Pakistan for being completely silent about the calamity for 2 weeks. It was described by The Diplomat as "India seems to be aloof and blind to the tragedy affecting Pakistan" with the Indian media "barely giving the disaster" any coverage, while "the international community and aid agencies pump aid to those affected".[247][248][249][250] NDTV claimed that the limited flood coverage was because Pakistan has not approved visas to Indian media people for visiting Pakistan to cover the floods.[116] On 13 August, India offered condolences and $5 million,[249][250] and Pakistan rejected the offer; Pakistan's Foreign Office spokesman Abdul Basit said, "We appreciate India's gesture, but can't take aid now."[251] accepted the offer following US threat to stop politics on 20 August[252] Also, there are nearly 400 Indian doctors, who are waiting for the Pakistan government's nod for visas to help flood victims.[116] India has supplied first consignment of 25 truck-loads of Indian potato to Pakistan.[117]



An analysis by AP's correspondent, Nahal Toosi, suggested that a number of factors account for the inadequate international response, namely the low death toll, the protracted unfolding of the extent of the catastrophe, the lack of celebrity involvement, the impression that the government is not focused on the event, and a certain donor fatigue, perhaps more so as Pakistan has been receiving support before.[253]



British Prime Minister David Cameron was accused by Pakistan of hampering international aid efforts after he claimed that Pakistan was responsible for promoting terrorism.[254][255]



Some potential donors doubt that funds will reach victims of the flood, but will rather be diverted to terrorist groups such as the Taliban, despite a significant amount of the aid effort being directed by the United Nations.[256]



[edit] Neglect of minorities

It has been reported that members of Pakistan's Ahmadiyya Muslim community, who were caught up in floods in Muzaffargarh, were not rescued from their homes because rescuers felt that Muslims must be given priority. Ahmadi Muslims complained to the government that not only were they not rescued but in some instances ejected from relief camps when their identity was disclosed. Ahmadis were declared a non-Muslim minority by the Pakistani government which prevented them to 'pose as Muslims' and have faced continued persecution.[257][258] Human Rights Commision of Pakistan condemned the denial of relief to Ahmadis.[259] It also stated “The commission has noted with concern reports of lack of provision of relief goods to flood-affected Ahmadi families, expulsion of displaced Ahmadis from a government school in Dera Ghazi Khan and rented lodgings elsewhere in southern Punjab after clerics’ pressure as well as issuance of edicts by clerics that affected Ahmadis must not be provided help." [260]



Members of the Sikh community, who arrived in gurdwaras in Lahore, also complained of government apathy. They said members of their community were abandoned in Khyber-Pakhtoonkhwa and had to arrange rescue for themselves.[257] In Peshawar the Sikh leaders accused the Government of Pakistan of not helping them after the floods swept away their homes and businesses and threatened to protest lack of assistance by the Government.[261]



Protests broke out in Lyari relief camp after Hindu victims of Baagri and Waghari nomadic tribes were served beef by the authorities in violation of their religious beliefs which forbids consumption of beef. The situation was resolved after officials from minority affairs ministry intervened.[262][263]



[edit] Diversions of floodwaters

UN ambassador and Pakistani diplomat Abdullah Hussain Haroon called for an inquiry into allegations that rich landowners diverted water into unprotected villages during the floods to save their own crops, and said "there was evidence that landowners had allowed embankments to burst."[264]



[edit] Allegations of Indian conspiracy

On the 28th August, the Nawa-i-Waqt Urdu daily alleged India had caused the devastating floods in Pakistan by releasing excess water into the Satluj and Beas rivers and was now trying to inundate Lahore by pumping more water in the Ravi river, despite the fact that since the floods caused were actually from excess rain.[265]



Major international media outlets including the White House dismisses the claims as "nonsense".



[edit] Inequality

Abdullah Hussain Haroon, Pakistan's diplomat to the United Nations, has alleged that wealthy feudal warlords and landowners in Pakistan have been diverting funds and resources away from the poor and into their own private relief efforts.[266] Haroon also alluded to was evidence that landowners had allowed embankments to burst, leading to water flowing away from their land.[267] There are also allegations that local authorities colluded with the warlords to divert funds.[268] The floods have accentuated the sharp divisions in Pakistan between the wealthy and the poor. The wealthy, with better access to transportation and other facilities, have suffered far less than the poor of Pakistan.[269]

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